Historiography: Defining The Minivan
Here’s something you might have – or have not – wondered: We had quite a time defining what a minivan was some 40 or years ago.
This is the time of year when you and your family are going “over the river and through the woods to grandmother’s house.” As we find our way to the holiday feast, we often think about how we got there. Those trips in the family minivan should bring back memories. Maybe some nightmares…
Here’s something you might have – or have not – wondered: We had quite a time defining what a minivan was some 40 or years ago.
It’s a “van,” right? Well…that may stir up an old debate.
Honestly, what is a “van”? The easy answer is that it’s a “box on wheels.” It used to be that way. Of course, things have changed since the box has taken a driver friendly shape.
Minivan is a different argument altogether. Size is where one should examine what is a minivan or not. Clearly, we’re not talking about the current Chevrolet Express, Ford Transit, Mercedes-Benz Sprinter, and Ram ProMaster, right?
Currently, a minivan is best seen today as the Toyota Sienna, Honda Odyssey, Kia Carnival, Chrysler Pacifica and Voyager. Vans that can fit inside a garage, can seat up to eight, can carry their luggage, and could sip fuel at a livable rate than a large van.
Before the arrival of the 1984 Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager, there was no such thing as a minivan. Well, in a modern sense…
Vans have always been commercial vehicles. They were designed for delivery services in town. Or, for the repair person who needs the space to carry tools to the do the job.
It was after World War II that the need for a passenger vehicle that could hold more than six comfortably was starting to take shape. One could see this as a cargo van with windows carved out of the sides and back and three rows of seats bolted onto the floor. Some customers would’ve have been happy with just that.
In fact, that was what they got. In the USA, they sold passenger versions of sedan delivery. The Chevrolet Suburban was built from a larger truck-based body that was used as a panel van. Passenger accommodation was just enough for people to sit for the trip. Even immediately after World War II, the basic concept of the Suburban remained as such.
As the post-war economy boomed, so did consumers’ tastes. They wanted the same level of comfort of a sedan. It is possible, but many manufacturers did not see it this way.
Except for one: Volkswagen. The Type 2’s arrival into the USA was seen as something of an oddity. While consumers were starting to get familiar with the Type 1 sedan, the same air-cooled flat-four-cylinder engine mounted at the rear propelled this tall vehicle and its passengers the best it could. What would take quite a bit of time, actually.
The Type 2, which the USA marketing team would call the Bus, was never seen as a van. A bus, yes. More like a wagon version of the Sedan, er Beetle. Still, it’s forward control design did send a few manufacturers to the drawing board.
By 1960, General Motors and Ford came out with their answer to the Volkswagen Bus. Chevrolet took a page out of Wolfsburg’s playbook by developing a cargo van, passenger van, and a pickup truck on the same chassis as their rear-engine Corvair. The Corvair 95 was available in a passenger version, which was also called the Greenbrier. This was marketed as a wagon to attract families looking for an American version of the Volkswagen. It did have a bit more power, as the air-cooled engine has six cylinders.
Ford’s answer was developed on Falcon’s compact chassis. It followed the same forward-control platform, putting the driver above the front-mounted, water-cooled engine. The Falcon van would eventually be named Econoline with passenger models called Station Bus or Club Wagon. The latter name would stick for decades.
Not to be outdone, Chrysler would also introduce a forward-control van under the Dodge brand. The A100 arrived for 1964 with its engine sitting below the driver and front passenger. Passenger versions were called the Sportsman.
Each of these passenger vans were small compared to what they would become by the 1970s. They were actually shorter than the Dodge Caravan/Plymouth Voyager and could seat up to eight people. All four competitors in that segment had three rows of seats – a similarity to the modern minivan.
While the Volkswagen retained its flat four-cylinder engine, the domestic vans powered by six-cylinder motors as standard. Dodge was the first to introduce a V8 engine, followed by GM. Even GM offered a four-cylinder on their 1965 Van. By 1967, the GM vans – sold by both Chevrolet and GMC – started to grow. It would be a sign of things to come.
Then, something happened. It started at Ford, where they grew the Econoline onto an F-Series chassis. GM and Chrysler followed suit by 1971 with pickup-truck based vans. From there, the passengers versions started gaining rows of seats – up to five on some models.
This left Volkswagen as the only passenger van of its size. It was merely an alternative to family transportation as the OPEC Oil Crisis affected the automobile industry. Relatively, the Volkswagen Bus had better fuel economy than any other passenger van sold in the USA. That was by default.
Enter Lee Iacocca. When he was at Ford, he had a team to create a new kind of vehicle to the Dearborn lineup in the mid-1970s. They started working on a new platform comprised of several body styles – all with front-wheel drive. Part of this program was a van-like vehicle that would seat seven and designed to fit in a garage.
When the new vehicle program was presented to Ford Chairman Henry Ford II, he rejected it. Eventually, Ford would fire Iacocca.
When Iacocca was hired on to save Chrysler, he had his old team join him. They also brought the new vehicle program with them. That program became the K-Car. That van-like vehicle became the Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager.
About the same time, Toyota introduced a competitor. Known as the TownAce, the North American marketers simply called it the Toyota Van. In Japan, their vans followed the forward-control format with the front engine mounted beneath the front row of seats. No one why this passed muster in the USA market, but it turned in decent results in crash testing to make it acceptable for sale in the market.
The success of the Caravan/Voyager sent a lot of manufacturers back to the drawing board. Some were looking at lineup to seed whether they can import them to go up against Chrysler’s twins. GM and Ford had access to other platforms that they thought would compete well against their Pentastar rivals.
GM introduced the Chevrolet Astro and GMC Safari. Based on a smaller version of the G-Series van frame, GM utilized key components from the S-Series pickup truck to make it competitive against the Chrysler twins. It might not be the right approach to match the popular minivans, but they sold as many as possible. The GM loyalists scooped up enough Astros and Safaris to keep it relevant for the time.
Ford’s response came in 1986 with the rear-drive Aerostar. It was exactly the same idea as the GM “minivans,” with a shortened Econoline/E-Series frame and engines from the smaller Ranger pickup truck.
Nissan’s forward-control competitor arrived in 1986 with their Van. Known as the Vanette in Japan, the newe larger van would augment such vehicles as the Stanza wagon and the Axxess, which were enlarged wagons on car-based platforms.
By 1987, Mitsubishi joined the minivan revolution with the L300 Express, also known the Van/Wagon. Following Japanese forward-control engineering, it competed against all of the minivans in the marketplace.
Mazda joined the fray with the 1989 MPV. The shape was a departure from other Japanese minivans of the era. One might say that they were taking the engine forward platform with a two-box body type. It was among one of the first to offer four-wheel drive in this segment.
All the while, Volkswagen has been selling a more modern Type 2 called the Vanagon. In the middle of its sales run, Volkswagen replaced its air cooled flat-four with a water-cooled version with added fuel injection. This would last until 1991, in which Volkswagen trotted the next generation model across the Atlantic called the Eurovan.
As the 1990s rolled around, the good times in the minivan class were about to get a course correction. By 1991, you had over a dozen brands selling them. That number will increase in throughout the decade with an expansion into new sub-segments, such as luxury minivans. Some manufacturers rolled out a second-generation minivan designed to directly compete with the Chrysler twins – which by 1990 has become a trio.
The next generation minivans were now developed on a front-drive platform with even more design elements that would further distinguish themselves from Chrysler’s trio. We saw new entries from GM, Ford, Toyota, Nissan, Mitsubishi, Mazda, and Honda. All of which point to an attempt at replicating Chrysler’s success.
Yet, the 1990s also witnessed a reckoning for family transport. The idea of an SUV was attractive to families who really don’t think they need the space of a minivan, but it can carry everyone and everything in comfort. GM has always been the vanguard of such a vehicle with its truck-based Chevrolet Suburban. All other manufacturers decided to follow suit in various different ways.
The concept of an SUV has evolved from farmhand and trail runner to softroader and school run master. Part of that evolution was a collective about face away from the minivan because the SUV offered a more masculine and active personality than the minivan.
When SUVs began to outsell minivans by the ton, there seems to be a consumer base that continues to discover what a minivan can still do for growing families. Can your football lineman or adult relative sit comfortably in the third row of any given SUV? They can in today’s minivan.
Along the way, innovations were helping the cause of the minivan. The 1996 Chrysler minivans featured dual sliding side doors for the first time in the segment. Years later, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles would produce the first minivan with an electrified driveline – the Pacifica PHEV. Both FCA and Honda introduced on-board vacuums on their models.
Stow N’ Go seating was another innovation that Chrysler introduced on the minivan. It saves time and effort to physically remove the second- and third-row seats to fit more cargo. Instead, the seats simply fold right into the floor.
These are the things a lot of family-oriented vehicles are unable to do. Or, were never considered for series production. This is why some of us argue for the minivan as the ultimate form of transportation, especially when you have a growing family or are tasked to carry adults on a regular basis.
Sure, they look homely. They have mediocre drivelines. Along with all of the other things you complain about minivans ad nauseum.
However, the gamble that was made in the fall of 1983 has since paid off. The minivan defined an era of family transportation. However, you see their legacy, you have to admit that they serve their purpose when families needed such a vehicle.
That continues with today’s minivans from Stellantis, Toyota, Honda, and Kia.
All photos by Randy Stern